Happy and Succeed Essay Example for Free

Happy and Succeed EssayMost students graduate from tall school discriminating what they desire to persuade in life and accomplish, many other students wear downt prolong a clue about anything they want to do nor persuade so for example, in the clause The Pink Floyd Night School by Mark Edmundson, he as many other students after graduating high school didnt know what he was going to do or study as a career, basically he had no clue of what he wanted. Life experience brought him the knowledge of knowing what he wanted to do in his career life. Edmundson uses many life experiences, as well as vivid examples to expand his argument of why he thinks students should groom time off of school and about a year to just relax and figure out what career exactly do they want. alike Edmundson taking it slow and his friends moving on to the fast lane of working and studying for good paying job without taking a break after high school, Edmundson to a faultk five years relaxing and working .In the article The Pink Floyd Nigh School Edmundson says, The culture is on their side when they tell me about right school and med school and higher storys in journalism and business or when they tell me about research grant in China or a well-paying gig teaching English in Japan. Im impressed, sure but Im worried about them too. Arent they deciding too soon? Shouldnt they hang out a little, learn to take it slow? Edmundson is worried about his students taking life way too fast.Choosing careers without flush thinking about how young they are and non realizing that their life is going to move very fast that in a blink of an eye their teenaged life for ask be gone and they wouldnt have that experience that he had as a teenager freshly coming out of high school of just relaxing thinking very well of what he wants. Recall a saying in life that says If you work for something you love you will never have to work a day in your life.If student now take is slow and experience and li ve life to the fullest think of the farseeing run and what will make them happy instead of looking for something that is financially good for them even if they dont like it.. These people wont bed life and wont have any type of life experience that can change and expand their decisions of careers. Going to a four year college successive out of high school or moving to an other place to get what you want isnt bad at all but in Edmundson mind your not going to get the life experiences that you can get in the streets inside of a four year college.Sure you will get the career faster then the other people that choose to slow down but whats a few year. Life is short dont miss out in living. Furthermore, Edmundson worked as a Cab driver , Manager at a movie house, crewman on a ship and a doorman in a disco. But his best job was a gig on the stage crew for a throw off production company in Jersey City.Edmundson states, The most memorable job of all though was a gig on the stage crew for a rock production company in Jersey City.That could hold 60,000 counting seats on grass I humped amps out of the truck and onto the stages. Edmundson shared this vivid example of his life because he loves it and will never forget a memorable loving job that he liked doing. Teenagers these geezerhood jump into a carree and then change it in the long run. Or they become parents at a young age that their life pauses because now its not about them its about their child and what is best for them inside of themselves . Their life moves way to fast they get caught up in the moment and dont take time to relax..If he would have gone to college he wouldnt have met nor work on something he liked a lot and it wouldnt have made him a teacher in Vermont. Edmundson got to live his life and then got to business. He is doing something that he likes and gives him the opportunity of going back in time in his memory of his life flashbacks of when he was in high school and what happen to him when he was young. He gets to tell it to his students and learns something new each year of all the generations he gets to see and talks too of how life was then and how is life now. Dont let life pass you by.Everyone can still be thriving but taking time off school it will give you a better chance of figuring out what exactly do you want to do for your career and in life. In other words, Edmundson never even thought that his life experience would take him to an education path to get his degree in something that he would enjoy doing. He gets the pleasure of teaching kids but as well as going back in time memory board what he went threw to get to his career. He got to live his life, relaxing and enjoying five years of doing nothing but working. Take life easy and enjoy it. dont make stress if you dont have to.

Employee Empowerment and Motivation Essay Example for Free

Employee Empowerment and Motivation EssayEmployee empowerment is the process of enabling or authorizing an individual to think, behave, take action, and control pretend and decision making in autonomous ways. It is the state of feeling self-empowered to take control of ones own destiny (Heathfield, n.d., 1). In other words, cock-a-hoop the employees the power and might to put forward decisions that affect not still their department but the company as a whole as well. Empowerment has become an increasingly apply human resources (HR) catchphrase when analyzing the corporate world of today. Empowerment of the employees can increase employee morale, improve company performance, and improve employee relations, however is not an overnight process. All levels of employees, supervisors, and executive instruction have to work together and be properly prepared in rescript to make an empowerment program succeederful.Improving Employee MoraleIn many corporate organizations, the low er level employees often feel unappreciated and underutilized. Often, employees can feel alike(p) just another number, destined to do the alike thing day after day with all decisions being made by upper management. When companies adopt an employee empowerment approach, these feelings can be reduced or even eliminated. Allowing, and even mandating employees to have a say in company decisions makes them feel significant to the success of the company. Employees want to be heard and they want their opinions to matter. The most effective morale booster is for an employee to see his or her idea become a company policy. When this happens, the employee feels more valued and being recognized as an important contributing part to the company.Improving Company PerformanceAnother benefit of employee empowerment programs is usually a noticeable improvement in company performance. The unbiased explanation for this fact is that employees who are most familiar with the day-to-day processes have the best hands on knowledge to be able to implement ameliorate changes and improvements to those processes. Often, many members of management and the corporate officers are hired into their jobs based on education and experience with other companies they often never worked their way up at bottom the current company and have therefore, never experienced the day-to-day processes. Therefore, decisions made by those officers are often solely based on hypothetical situations and communicateprofits they are often so focused on the bigger picture that they overlook the details. However, when the employees performing the job are asked to make decisions, they look at from the bottom and up and take those forgotten details into consideration.Improving Employee RelationsWhen employees are not involved in company decisions, often they operate within their own confined department. Often, the employees take actions without thinking active the repercussions of their actions to other departmen ts this is done mostly out of lack of communication of what those repercussions might be and not accord how each process inter-relates. When employees are given the empowerment to make company decisions, it encourages open communication. Once employees know that they are going to be held responsible for their decisions and that those decisions exit impact the whole company, they go out take the time to work with other departments to investigate how things affect the company as a whole. This serves to not only chance upon better decision making but also opens lines of communication and strengthens the company feeling of being more of a family unit.Making Preparations For Employee EmpowermentAlthough employee empowerment seems like a simple concept, it cannot be implemented without preparation. All levels of employees within the company must be prepared and in agreement with the idea in order to make it work. Expectations must be communicated from the top most levels of management down to the base employees and vice versa in order for empowerment to work.Flat OrganizationOne of the first locomote in successful employee empowerment programs is the flattening of the organization structure and its organizational chart. When the organization has too many decision makers and not enough line employees, conflict is infallible and empowerment bequeath not be successful. This change in organization may include the restructure of elimination of jobs to eliminate the dictatorial chain of look across and bring all employees closer to the result. This transference of responsibility to the employees allows management to focus on other things such as researching new ideas and processes that are presented by the employees.Employee and worry ResistanceWhenever a company adopts an employee empowerment program, resistance from all levels is expected. Supervisor and Management level employees will often resist empowerment programs because they feel are giving up control th at they worked hard to achieve. The human nature to enjoy a feeling of control and empowerment threatens that control. Supervisors and managers must be counseled in advance to make sure that they understand that their input is still crucial and important and that empowerment of their employees will be for the betterment of all parts of the company.One would think that employees would jump-start at the chance to participate in employee empowerment programs. However, many employees often balk at the opportunity. They often lack the self-confidence to make decisions they know will affect the whole company. Others believe that empowerment is just another word to justify piling more responsibility on the employees. According to Abrahamson (2004) in which he discussed how organizations can go through change overload and how employees can experience change fatigue and burnout. To prevent this, employees must be convinced of the positive effects of employee empowerment. The company must s trive to make the employees understand that the program is being implemented because the company values their experience and opinions and truly values their input.EducationOften, both management and employee resistance is caused by the feeling the employees do not have the knowledge needed to make the proper decisions for the company. Education is the key answer to this fear. By educating the employees about the company as a whole and the operations of those outside of their own department, confidence in the employees decisions is heightened. Education about the empowerment process in ordinary will also help to quell fears by clearly defining everyones role within the company following the changes so that everyone knows what is expected of them and is confident with their approaching within the company.ConclusionEmployee empowerment is an important part of the successful operation of todays organizations. By allowing the employees to have in aninput in company decisions not only l ifts their morale, but more use of their experience and knowledge with day-to-day operations to make better decisions. This allows the company to service their clients better and ensure the continued success of the company within their market. Companies looking to start empowerment programs should take the time to educate employees completely and discuss the program benefits with all employees at all levels. This will help ensure that all employees are committed to the program and to ensure its success.ReferencesAbrahamson, E. (2004), Change Without Pain. Boston Harvard Business School Press, Retrieved April 4, 2009 from http//www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Tr-Z/Trends-in-Organizational-Change.html.Heathfield, S.M. (n.d.). Human resources Employee empowerment. Retrieved April 4, 2009 from http//humanresources.about.com/od/glossarye/a/empowerment_def.htm.

Youth Drug Abuse In Hong Kong Social Work Essay

Youth do do medicatess Ab lend oneself In Hong Kong Social Work Essaydo drugs abuse is nowadays a more and more want youth difficulty each over the world. As an international commercial city, Hong Kong is exposed to this social line of work as well, which bring enormous social and frugal cost to indivi doubles, families, communities and the full society thither. It is really an issue which requires the public to pay much attention to.In this paper, the author introduced the contemporary situation of teen pass onr mind-expanding drug abuse in Hong Kong (including these young pecks population and age, as well as the tendency, the to the highest degree often use chemicals and arnas), the negative impacts of drug taking on youths in the context of the timing points in human development. Then, the author utilized a bio-psychosocial model, discussed about the original find elements conducing youth problematic behavior of drug abuse from three aspects individual, family, and comrades. At last, in terms with these relevant reasons, the author brought forward some suggestions for social worker profession, which whitethorn serve as multipurpose strategies in coping with youth drug abuse in Hong Kong.Keywords young, drug abuse, social workIntroductionLiterature reviewDefinition medicateIs it a concept too simple to define? In fact, drug contains various components. After long-time being influenced by social-cultural context, it becomes more complicated to clarify. For example, is drug therapeutic, or not, or both?The World Health Organization (WHO) described drug in 1981 as any substance or chemical that alters the structure or go of a living being. Rassool went further on this phase in his book Alcohol and Drug Abuse (2001) asA drug, in the broadest sense, is a chemical substance that has an effect on bodily systems and behavior. This includes a wide range of prescribed drugs and illegal and socially accepted substances.Many methods have been used to categorise drugs. For instance, counting in legal and moral, drug is divided into prescription medicine, illegal or unlawful drug, and over-the-counter medication. However, they ar often intersectional in actual society.Drug abuseDrug abuse, similarly known as substance abuse, has its public health definitions and medical definitions, all of which express an implication of negative value popular opinion (Jenkins 1999). In universal meaning, it refers to the taking of drugs without following medical advice or prescription, or the indiscreet use of dangerous drugs for non-treatment purposes.An estimation the UN made tells us there are over 50 million regular drug users all around the world. Though the total number shows a decreasing trend recent years, the age begin to use drug evidently constantly write down.How people take drugs? Existing researches state that Narcotic, Marijuana, Hallucinogen, cocaine and Amphetamine are all gebraeuchlich drugs, while Cocaine is always rep uted as the champagne of drugs and enjoys the greatest appeal for drug users. To further extend oral, smoking, inhalation or sniffing, injecting are the most often routes of drug administration.Drug abuse not only fastens impairment on users physical and psychological health, but also brings a host of social and economic problems to the domestic families and the whole fellowship. Furthermore, illicit substance misuse is usually companied with many early(a) deviant behaviors, like alcohol, organized crimes, anti-social activities and so on. It is no surprise at all that drug abuse is a serious social problem now owning to its enormous social and economic cost.Young peopleYoung people, also called young person, youth, shares a communal meaning with teen and teenager, but is different from another purely scientifically-oriented phraseadolescent. In fact, the term youth is ambiguously the time between childhood and adulthood, hence its age boundary line is varied all over the world. In Hong Kong, as a rule, people between 14 to 21 years senior are considered as youth.Youth is a predominantly important phrase in human development. Naturally, it is the time that young peopleare encountered with dramatic changes in physics, psyche, emotion and social networkcommence self-identity formingurge and begin to seize power on experiencing, adventuring, risk-taking and authority challengingare particularly possible to be influenced by surroundings on behaviors and animatenessstyleare not so close to family and parents as before while attaching importance to chum radical social station and peer approval.As far as we can see from below, youths are resourceful, while vulner equal at the same time.Current situation of Youth drug abuse in Hong KongAs stated by the Central Registry of Drug Abuses report in 2008, while the total number of reported drug abusers continually declined, young people below twenty-one years older showed a dramatically-increasing trend 1002 youths involved in drug abuse in 2002, and whence decreased to 2186 in 2004. After that, the number ceaselessly rose to 2894 in 2007. It should be mentioned that the age of lifetime trying of drugs has been dropping apparently (The 2004 Survey of Drug Use among Students, November 2005 Narcotics Division, Security Bureau, HKSAR Chan, Chu, Wong, Yu, 2005 Chen, et al., 2005 N. W. T. Cheung Cheung, 2005 Ho Liu, 2005 Laidler Pianpiano, 2005 Lam, Weng, Wong, Tse, 2004 Sung, 2001 Youth in Hong Kong Statistical Profile, 2005 report submitted to the Commission On Youth). However, we shouldnt over envision that the real number of youth drug use should be far more.Memo ammonia ketone, which is also called K Tsui, is young peoples most frequently used drug, following is ecstasy and cannabis. Additionally, they often enjoy drugs in their own or friend houses, or public disco/karaoke.All in all, youth drug abuse in Hong Kong is already an alarming study which should be tackled as soon as possibl e. It has posed a great threat to the families, the government, and the whole society.Impacts on youthsDrug use in teenager meeting is usually association with physical and psychological morbidity, social disabilities, and presented as a mixture of them. WHOs discovery (2003-04) may offer us a clear topple of view about drug misuse influences on young peoplePhysicalPeri-oral and peri-lesions caused by inhalation or snorting physical injuries incurred during intoxication tempest after poly-drug or prolonged use needle tracks, thrombosis or abscesses owing to intravenous use withdrawal syndromes changing in brain structure.Psychological peevishness changes ( oddly depression and anxiety) confusion in-personity disorder depression on withdrawal of simulants irritability as part of withdrawal syndrome deliberate self-harm or suicide render psychosis due to drugs effects on neurotransmissions.SocialDeteriorating educational performance family conflict crime such as petty associated with intoxication, theft to provide funds, bay windowing as part of more serious association with drug culture.However, many problematic youths preferably evade reporting their drug abusing problem due to two master(prenominal) reasons. Firstly, young people pursue freedom and independence, and scorn pressure from legal, family or society on their difficulties with drugs (Milgram Rubin 1992). Moreover, most early drug users do not look themselves as substance reliers so that they do not seek any professional treatments until the problem gets too serious to recover. Latent drug abuse may go further to be a lifelong problem for teenagers.Origin of youth drug abuseIn the last half a century, there has been a surge of interest in, and a plethora of studies on substance abuse in youths. Foremost among these are studies on drug abuse. Several theories are in the way to explain the original reasons for youth drug abuse, such as moral theory, disease theory, genetic theory, psychologic al theories and socio-cultural theories. Integrating all of their conclusions link up to the origin of youth drug abuse, it is not a single factor but a have effect of several risk factors predisposing young people to use illicit drugs, which can be divided into five levels in accordance with bio-psychosocial perspectives biological determinations, youth psychological development characteristics, interpersonal elements (include family functioning elements and peer influencing elements), community variables, and societal factors.Weiner (1992) made a splendid contribution on clarifying causes of youth drug abuse. He referred to the achievements of Brook with his collaborators (Brook, Nomura, Cohen, 1989 Brook, Whiteman, Gordon, 1983), pointing out that personality, family, and peer determinants are the most closely related factors for teenager substance abuse. On the word of Weiner (1992), one factor exerting a particularly strong influence can be sufficient enough for a young per son to become drug-involved, even though the other two factors are minimal. The triad of primary elements-teenagers personal variables, family functioning, and peer relationships-serves as the center of bio-psychosocial model related to young peoples involvement into substance abuse. Thus, we will focus point on these three and go over community and society as well.Personal factorsWhen negative psychological characteristics, personality and personal experiences work together, young individuals will inevitably have ability of resiliency weaken. In other words, they will lack coping skills in case of surroundingsal challenges, and lean to drugs either voluntarily or passively.Psychological characteristics of developing phaseAs what has been discussed above, youth is such a time people urge to grasp any chance to take adventure, challenge authority and enjoy the pleasure of independence. So, it is intelligible that young people consider taking drug as an approach to show recreation, t o alleviate boredom, to feel confident, and to be hard (Home Office, 2007).personalityIt has been demonstrated that lower teenagers self-efficacy, self-esteem and sense of competence are, more stress-vulnerable they are (Cowen et al., 1990). When internal or external difficulties happen, the ones will have more risk to take drugs, get seethe so as to escape from their problems, which winds them into a bigger possibility of indulging psychoactive substance.personal experienceYoung people who have miserable personal experiences now or in the past are especially vulnerable to problematic drug use. These groups include truants, those excluded from school, the homeless, those look after by local governing or in foster care, young offenders, those involved in prostitution, children from families with substance-abusing parents or siblings and young people with conduct or depressive disorders (Lloyd 1998).Family functioningAs the primary environment for individuals growth, family shares a powerful and intimate connection to youngsters involvement, exacerbation, and relapse of drug problems. Family calls attention here because it shares a codependent relationship with youth drug problem, which means while dependance affects abusers family, the family are making effect on individuals substance taking at the same time.According to Muisener (1994), four categories of factors related to familys function in teenager drug misuse areMajor family life changes in family structure, family composition, geography, ethnicity, socioeconomic statusFamily dynamics leadership, boundaries, affectivity, communication, and task/goal performanceFamily dysfunction especially substance-abusing parent(s)Family relationship especially relationships between parents and youthsIn considering these four, relationship factors are most consisted with the childrens drug using problems (Brook, Arencibia-Mireles, Richter Whiteman, 2001). Parenting practices including low or excessive monitoring, in effective discipline, and poor communication with children are all imperative variables in youths initiation and maintenance of drug abuse problems (Liddle, Rowe, Dakof Lyke, 1998 McGillicuddy, Rychtarik, Duquette Morsheimer, 2001).Peer relationshipIn the phase of youth, peer group is able to be as important as youngsters second family, and makes heavy impacts on their values, beliefs, and behaviors through interpersonal relationships with each other. As like family environment, peer relationships also serve as a perpetuating environment for teenagers involvement into substance abuse, mainly by two categoriesPeer crisisIt is also called as peer shock by Elkind (1984), and can be blue down into three types the shock of exclusion, the shock of betrayal, and the shock of disillusionment.Substance-abusing peersThis peer cluster can be a strong influence in youngsters initial and on-going usage of chemicals (Oetting Beauvais, 1986). Friends reinforce others drug habit through drivin g them into this group activity, encouraging them to carry on drug using, and fostering their denial of drug problem (Shilts, 1991).In most cases, peer crisis and abusing peers are interacting with each other. For example, a young man who has been excluded from other friends enjoying psychoactive drugs together will have to pay the worth of participation into the shared group activity, so as to maintain the membership in this peer group. Later on, he will suddenly find that he is eliminated by other groups. In order to have sense of belonging, he has no other choices but to stay there and develop into a drug abuser. Additionally, peer influence may become more powerful in situations where a young person lacks support, understanding or affection from parental figures. partnership and societyAs part of youngsters surroundings, communitywhich is composed of schools, community organizations, police departments and criminal justice systems, other local government institutions and servic escan also act as risk factors increasing their likelihood of using psychoactive substances. In a larger scope of the whole society, youth culture and music, social acceptability and the media, may also lead to teenagers initiation and continuation of drug misuse. More direct and special, illicit chemicals are accessibility for youths in Hong Kong society.It is worth mentioning there are extra elements in continued substance use. Rather than by rational finalitys, the reasons why people dont cut out taking drugs may be more related to combined factors, such as individuals physiological dependence on psychoactive chemicals, chaotic use, psychological fear of withdrawal symptoms, social exclusions, mental health problems and other environmental elements. Such situation is very common for most drug misusers they actually have tried to stop taking drugs, but are only able to rationally do this for short periods of time rather than everlasting withdrawal from illegal substances.Strategi es for social work on youth drug abuseBasing on information from the Narcotics Division, Security Bureau, HKSAR, the Hong Kong government has taken a number of measures related to youths drug abuse into action. These include law requirement, policy reinforcement, and promotion activities. On the other side, the jointed work of social worker and doctors is another universal type in running drug treatment and rehabilitation programmes in Hong Kong, such as compulsory placement programme, counseling programme and substance abuse clinic. Nevertheless, as new drugs are endlessly brought in, or old drugs are experienced again by a new generation, all the efforts only have a short-term effect on substance abuse among young people, and continued progress in eliminating drug abuse has gradually slowed down as well (Johnston et al., 2008).Social work is such a profession best prepared to deal with social problems and assist disadvantaged groups. In terms with the original reasons of youth d rug abuse, social worker may also initially handle this problem from three aspects individual, family, and peers. singlePrevention and health educationThis method is widely conducted by doctors, government, mass-media and community. It is mainly used in drug preventive process and dialect publicizing knowledge of drugs, consequences of use and promoting antidrug use attitudes to public at large.Social workers bring professional features in this process. For instance, social work may host discussion, experiential activities, and group problem-solving exercises in school, communities, and other public places.Further causes probingSince variety of negative factors are able to bring young people risk for contacting illicit drugs, social workers should try them best to find hidden and real causations, and prevent or healing problematic individual through coping with latent issues first. Individual counseling can be conducted this part.Self-potency enhancingAccording to Shamai (1994), so me personality traits can typify youth in distress, such as impaired self-control, low self-esteem, arrogance and self-satisfactory, sense of coherence, low level of aspirations and little hope for the future.Empowerment is one of the major measures social work profession utilizes. Setting in substance habituated teenagers, what social workers can do includes to bring youths a positive attitude towards their drug dependence, to help them develop skills against peer influence and pressure, improve self-efficacy and self-control capacity. Cognitive-behavior therapy is considered utile in self-potency enhancing for youth involved in substance abuse, which processes of instruction, demonstration, practice, feedback and reinforcement.Personal and social skills trainingIndividual resources are qualities that enable youth to contend with negative life events and stressful situations (Ben-Sira 1993 Lazarus and Folkman 1984). Social worker may work with organization such as youth centers, communities here.To assist young people, either who have already taken psychoactive chemicals or who have the danger for touching drugs, to gain personal anti-drug skills, social work will teach them how to reduce their anxiety, how to apply generic skills to resist substance-use influences, to establish non-substance-use norms, and so forth. Useful methods include recreational activities, behavioral rehearsal, resistance-skills training, and practice via behavioral homework.In terms with social skills training, communication, use of same age or older peer leaders, vocational training, social and assertive skills, participation in community service projects are all possible methods social workers can make use of.FamilyAccording to a recent view of environments role in dependence (Nader and Czoty 2005), owning a less stressful and more privileged environment may help individuals enlarge the protection from addiction or relapse during recovery process. In this way, teenagers original family should be considered as a recovery environment and a focus of treatment.While family recovery and family therapy are widely used in recent years, social workers roles there are mainly releasing risk elements associated to youth drug abuse, and assist families to offer continuum of care and support for problematic young people in drug recovery. Family recovery skills can be categorized into family addiction awareness, family development awareness and strengthening family dynamics, in which social workers can serve as assistances and organizers.PeersIn or before the process of giving up drugs, most of these problematic teenagers are usually faced with exclusion from young persons who do not take illicit chemicals. However, to get out of drug abuse, they should complete dual challenges or missions giving up former young companions, and making new friends with others who do not abuse chemicals.Rather than force youths to get out of old friends, social workers should assist youth s to make new friends for his support and social needs. Group work is an effective method here. One is group treatment, which includes chemical awareness group and abstinence support group. Teenagers in recovery get together, share their experiences, thoughts, feelings, and skills to avoid drugs. They can also claim to give up taking chemicals, which is demonstrated an impactful way. closely another kind of group work, several addicted young people will be planned to stay with others who dont take drugs. By sharing their experiences and decision to avoid chemicals, the disadvantaged ones will enjoy the chance to make new friends, as well as get support from them, which is extremely important in preventing their doom to relapse in recovery.

Construction Industry And Data Management Construction Essay

Construction Industry And Data Management Construction EssayMany issues affect the victor of a project, yet there is sure proof of supremacy found on efficient confabulation and cooperation and coaction between team-members. Sending and receiving information is talk this enables understanding of wizard another. Common definitions of conversation granted by Hoyland et al., 1953 and Ruesch and Bateson, 1961 quoted in Miller, 2004 gives that communication is the process by which an individual transmits stimuli to modify the behavior of other individuals. other definition states that, Communication does not refer to verbal, explicit and intentional transmission of messages alone. The concept of communication would include all those processes by which people influence one another, Ruesch and Bateson, 2004.The theory on communication defines three key elements of communication. These three elements shed to be present for communication these argon the sender, the receiver, and t he comportment of a message. The message mustiness be conveyed through a medium while the receiver must interpret the received message so as to understand its meaning. The medium apply is important to communication since it affects the process of decoding. Decoding the message correctly is important since it stands to give the meaning as is intended by the sender. It is important to realize at this point that e very(prenominal)one is different with different perceptions and interpretations of details (Miller, 2004).Since people hold up different perceptions, team members of a project have diverse ways oral and scripted communication team prankers also listen and comprehend situations in various ways, all leading to communication problems (Koskinen, 2004). Certain obstacles and filters whitethorn have key roles in comprehending the essential message. Barriers or obstacles usually root from the existing mind-state of the person receiving the message these barriers to correct i nterpretation of the message might be biasness, prejudice or emotions, it may very well be the lack of technical and educational understanding needed (Thomas et al., 1998).Eliminating all human and technical barriers or obstacles is rather impossible in instal to have effective communication, just now creating formal, schemaized communication set-up end much evoke project consummateance. This will overall minimize or almost mitigate distortions in effective communication. Good collaboration is countant on effective communication. Communication may be necessary for collaboration but the reverse is not needs true communication still takes stake in absence of collaboration between team members, this means collaboration advances to realize common goals through extra-durable relationships and in presence of complete commitment of team-members (Laepple, 2005). Collaboration can be lasting if specific issues exist as part of the relation. Laepple, 2005 quotes Lorenz et al and says that collaboration constitutes mainly the presence of a common goal or objective, a joint paradigm, the existence of respect among and across all members, and of course the major element that is effective communication to be present.In regard to bodily structure projects, common goal or purpose would be safe and timely execution of the project within the bound of the given calculate and quality. Collaboration means nothing without purpose. Joint paradigm, though points to the methods and practices familiarly acceptable to all teams and team-members trying to realize common goals. Here, it is noteworthy that everyone sh ars different apprises and these values must also be wide accepted within the working teams.It is important that collaboration exists before the rise of disputes or disagreements and problems in a project it should, therefore be the foundational element of a project so as to avoid the afore-mentioned issues or any others that may come up (Larson, 1997). For this to be done team-building processes that conjoin the associated parties so as to give a clear picture of both(prenominal) the communication strategies as well as collaboration strategies and to get along clear ways in which conflicts and disputes can be avoided well before they arise (Larson, 1997). unmatched more essential factor for successful collaboration is the attitude of the direction when faced by serious problem(s) (Larson, 1997). The circumspections attitude and behavior must be in conformance with the principles of collaboration, namely trust, openness and combined teamwork (Larson, 1997).When productiveness deficiencies occur, the first culprits atomic number 18 communication and collaboration (FMI, 2004). FMI conducts the CIPS-Construction Industry Productivity Survey which states communication and/or collaboration issues as major challenges for the modifyment of takes of productivity. This paper uses Widemans (1991) terminologies suggesting that buyer organizati on corresponds to project give away, and seller/implementer organization corresponds to project manager. These terms will be synonymously used throughout the study, i.e. buyer/seller and project sponsor or manager.Inter-firm Relationship TheoriesTo deal with the abstruse matter of research in inter-organisational relationships it is useful to refer to present theories that clarify the dynamics governing these relationships. The introduction branch of this paper summarizes the studys element of investigation as communication existing between the project sponsor and the project manager at the time of IT project murder where buyer-seller relationships exist. Traditional inter-firm/organizational relationship theories conferring to such analysis are namely the Transaction Cost Economics Theory and the Agency Theory (Williamson 1995). These theories are given as follows.Transaction Cost Economics ( trichloroethylene)The trichloroethylene theory centers around the degree of individua l transaction that translates input to considerd output, for instance the establishment of an IT-based system for the improvement of an organizations internal efficiency. TCE roots in frugals it gives rationales on whether to make a product or buy it from the market. in that location are both situations whether either there is more control making a fit for purpose in reducing unwanted costs associated to a product but having higher costs of care or the other situation where prices are reduced by economies of scale as well as competing by price.Williamson (1975) argues for the make or buy decisions these are supported by various implications like The level of specificity of an asset is a major influencing factor. It relates to the degree of the transacted object based on how explicit/unique it is. What value does it hold in terms of individual transaction and whether or not it can be redeployed for future transactions? The level of ambiguity that arises fromIn-apt communication or deliberate in-correct and misleading signals that prevent decision-makers from discovering plans made by others involved in the business transaction.The common indecisiveness present in human behavior.The transactions frequency.Initially, TCE was designed for recurring, routine transactions, undertaken by traditionally managed organizations both in functional as well as hierarchical set-ups. repeat transactions do not require a specific governance structure, though in contrast transactions that are highly unique require more specialized forethought structures. For this very purpose TCE considers firms governance structures and not specifically production functions (Willimason, p. 387, 1985). Costs involved in these transactions are aptly called transaction costs, hereTransaction costs are minimized by handing over transactions (each with different attributes) to governance structures (each with different capacities and different costs) (Williamson 1985, p. 18). TCE suggests tha t firms adjust their governance structures in score to attain lowest possible transaction costs. Resistance in physical systems corresponds to transaction costs in economic context Transaction costs arise from compl hold outy of buyer-seller relationship and the impracticality of developing and agreeing on contracts that are well-detailed enough to aptly form this relationship. For reducing transaction costs, the TCE theory suggests a high degree of asset specificity, and further suggests that incomplete contracts pick out towards make product decisions, while lower degree of asset specificity direct towards buy product decisions (Adler et al. 1998).No matter about Agency theoryCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DATA MANAGEMENTThe eddy business relies heavily on information. The information used can generally be categorized as structured data and unstructured data (Caldas et al., 2005). Database systems are used to generate structured data the database system uses structures and formats that are predetermined (Caldas et al., 2005). Structured data brings about standardization while improving interoperability of computational systems (Caldas et al., 2005). PMCS-the frame Management and Collaboration Systems hold different modules which use both structured and unstructured data structured data is present in the cost control module. The PCMS users do not have much control of the system, though realistically, most documents generated by the system (for braid projects) can be classified as unstructured data based on text-documents like contracts, reports and amendment orders etc. (Froese, 2003). Although such documents are classified as unstructured data, but most PMCS that are web-based classify them as partially structured. Constructware, a web-based PMCS( Project Management Control Systems presents standard modules to create and track daily reports and change orders as well as RFIs.( Request for development ) Through this team-members can gather up and edit a standa rd document, which allows for interoperability between different electronic computers. Despite this, researchers disagree that it is only a reproduction of the text document on different computer systems and does not offer an actual solution to handle complex data (Maoa et al., 2006). A lot of studies have been conducted where common data models have been substantial so as to regularize and form one universal methodology to handle structured as well as unstructured data within the structure pains. IFC, the Industry Foundation Class (IFC) has been developed by AII-the International Alliance for Interoperability (Froese, 2003). CAD drawings are present in AutoCAD format, these are used by widely in the kink industry dickens kinds of informational documents are supported by such formats these areContract DocumentsProject Management Documents (Zhu et al., 2001).DRIVERS OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYProject success is impacted by immaterial factors like the b ankers acceptance and the diffusion of plan advancement in legitimate industries (Chan et al., 2004). Nonetheless, traditionally, the construction industry is seen as rather slow and reluctant to the credence and implementation of new technology in comparison to other industries (Laborde Sanvido, 1994). Some important barriers in the adoption of technology by the construction industry are explained by Haas et al. (1999). These barriers include different standards, atomisation, the type of business cycles, and ways in which risk is avoided. The construction industry survives on low labor costs in legal age of regionsthis is also a factor discouraging the invention of new technology and its adoption. engineering in-acceptance is mainly due to scientific and financial risks felt by the employees who work in the construction industry (Tatum 1989). In-acceptance of technology construction companies poses a major flagellum to the construction industry. This is affecting productivi ty levels greatly and supporting the culture that is already change-resistant. A comparison of US and Korea in terms of information technology adoption is under-taken by Williams et al. (2007). These researchers reflect on how IT technologies are almost obsolete in over 150 US-based construction companies. Almost 50% or more have no usage of web conferencing or web portals. These companies have never used barcode scanning and do not have knowledge of e- scholarship or e-bid also they have never used geographic information systems-GIS or geographic positioning systems-GPS.An article named Forces driving adoption of new information technologies by Mitropoulos and Tatum written in the year 2000 aims at identifying and analyzing internal and external factors that affect technology adoption within the construction industry. Internal factors arise within the organization and external factors come from the project owner or arise from competition. They have canvass eight different compani es three of those are mechanical contractors whereas two of them are general contractors. These companies are large with even larger revenues averaging over US$100M. Technologies chosen by the authors are the CAD and the EDI, Electronic Data Interchange technologies and Radio absolute frequency Identification( RFID cards are important requirements of warehouses so that the stores available for issue are automatically updated in project ) Mitropoulos and Tatum have outlined four important triggers for adopting technology these areCompetitive AdvantageProcess ProblemTechnological OpportunityExternal RequirementsCompetitive advantage is change only if new technology helps improve an he organizations little capability and also if competitors have not already adopted similar technology. On the other hand, process problems originate from(a)Added need for improved quality and also detailed drawings(b) Existing technologies have become insufficient for design communication(c) Growth of a company that requires better technologies in order to better supply larger-scale, complex projects demanding higher degree of detail. Opportunities in technology have been defined as improved capabilities because of the availability engineers having technology-based backgrounds, presence of complimentary technology, and affordability of tireless technologies. External requirements are those that result from technology changes and are better known as client specifications or external competitor/rival pressure, and legal or regulatory enforcements.Besides these triggers for the adoption of technology, a great change has taken place within the construction industry that has affected practices within project circumspection (Alshawi Ingirige, 2003). The changes that have taken place are marketplace globalization, economic forces, increased project complexity, a demand for quicker results, changing scopes of projects, changing procurement practices, and sophistication of clients (Als hawi Ingirige, 2003). The construction industry is now heavily investing in IT in response to these internal and external factors. By average construction contractor companies are now investing some US$334,241 in information technology.BARRIERS TO TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYThe use of IT helps reduce time-taken to perform tasks and helps perform tasks that are difficult or impossible to be done by humans (Allen et al., 2005). though IT has contributed greatly to the success of business organizations yet there exit barriers for diffusing or adopting IT into businesses. (Becerik,2006). Construction businessmen feel lack of collaboration within the industry, lack of training, and high implementation costs are all barriers to the success of IT in this industry. On the whole, though, barriers may be classified as technical barriers, behavioral barriers, cost-related barriers, organizational barriers, and legal barriers (Bjork, 2003). The barriers include1. Communica tion and hard and soft funding2. Information ownership3. Re twirls on investment that are indistinguishable4. Construction site technological limitations5. Risks, both financial and organizational knowledge related risks6. depart resistance and organizational inertia7. Law of intellectual property and concerns regarding mistrust8. System security, system reliability and the degree of confidentiality the system offersThe construction industry is existence affected in a number of ways by all these given factors lowering chances of adoption of technology to this industry these factors are individually studied and analyzed. (Bjork, 2003).You asked for refrences here they were given at detonate of paraFrameworks of Knowledge transferMultiple studies have created exemplars to transfer knowledge, for learning and for diffusing new first appearances into different areas of the construction industry (Egbu, 2005 Maqsood et al., 2007 Walker et al., 2004 Chinowsky et al., 2007 Anumba et al., 2005 Chinowsky and Carrillo, 2007). Nonetheless, these examples are especially focused and set to a process lacking in consideration of their effect on project management and companionable relationships. An obstacle to knowledge transfer, its learning or innovations may be linked with certain characteristics of construction industry like short-term labor contracts fragmentation of a project by functions short-term coalitions of teams contract arrangements poor coordination between project partners adversarial relationships etc. (Slaughter, 1998 DoreeandHolmen,2004 Dubois and Gadde, 2002). Ling (2003) states four factors having vital effects on technological innovations in construction. They areThe interest level of team-members (of the project)Work milieuCreating task-groupsIndividual capabilities of members involved with innovationAdditionally, Walker Peasupap (2005-a/b 2009) state that management technology, work environment and team-members are all elemental factors aff ecting the diffusion of innovation, since they can adversely affect delivery costs of a project, time constraints and limits and quality of the project. These limitations, though may be resolved by integration of humans into project management (Huemann et al., 2007). Studies have been conducted to find out how knowledge management (KM) can be implemented in construction organizations. Different Knowledge Management Frameworks have been developed, some of which are discussed briefly belowIn 2002 Whelton et al. proposed a knowledge management manikin for projects this model works on soft systems methodology in order to assist group cognition, group learning and generate solutions. One drawback however is that this framework may prolong negotiation between stakeholders whilst trying to reach mutual agreement when faced by a problem or a situation this may overall prolong time limitations of the project, causing it too start later than anticipated or finish later than anticipated.A fra me-work called cross-sectoral learning has been developed by Al-Ghassani in 2002, in virtual enterprise for helping organizations set up a Knowledge Management strategy. Construction companies need to set-up KM systems in order to preserving knowledge and more specifically to integrate learning into the companies workings both into processes as well as practices which will in turn enhance performance and organizational competitiveness in the global market (Wetherill et al., 2002).Bronn Thi-Le in 2007 created an abstract model that facilitates the detection of problems related to transfer of know-how in large construction related projects. This model aims to identify knowledge break-downs while presenting the best solutions to promote learning and transferring knowledge. Nevertheless, creating social relationships between project teams can prove to be critical in promoting sharing of knowledge in collaborative environments.A project named e-COGNOS, created by Wetherill et al. in 200 2 attempts to specify and develop an groundwork that is an open model this home works (in collaborative environments) at KM to create, disseminate, retrieve and capture or store information. e-COGNOS can be effective if there are well-bound social relationships to promote knowledge exchange users must be motivated and trained on the use of this frame-work.Another example is that of the knowledge transfer framework created by Carrillo et al. in 2006 which is used to help companies manage product-related knowledge. This framework works in three stages, though the maturity level of KM is important as to how the framework may be implemented. Also cultural issues exist when knowledge is being transferred across different territories or across national borders.Another onrush called cross-organizational learning approach developed by Franco et al. in 2004 deals with the shortage of processes required for everyday inter-organizational assessment of construction projects so as to facilita te learning while adding value to projects. This approach allows for exchanging feedback on project performance which is useful for learning and improving performance.In 2007 Chinowsky created a learning organization maturity model with a underlying automated tool called Learning Organization Rapid Diagnostic that assists in assessing and the implementation of continuous learning. Nonetheless, for implementation of the multiple characteristics of a learning organization, it can be time-consuming because of the sole reason much coordination and management is required to link together the entire organization. Overall this is an elicit support to use communication systems infrastructure for organizational learning.The CONDOR project is explained by Vakola and Rezqui -2000. They explain how it can support in defining work practices, work processes, commonly-used techniques, tools as well as aid in supporting the technical infrastructure of construction organizations. It even comes with an evaluation tool that assists in gathering of information it helps in organizing learnt information by distributing it so that organizational learning takes place, and the learnt knowledge can be implemented in future projects. CONDOR continuously creates knowledge, interprets it and distributes it in order to retain knowledge.In 2007, Chinowsky and Carrillo (2007) propose how organizations shit from centre on KM over to learning organizations based on a STEPS model that is a KM model. STEPS stands for Start-up-Take-off-Expansion stage-Progressive stage-Sustainability, it also has a learning maturity model that is based on leadership, processes and organizational infrastructure, organizational communication collaboration, education and finally culture(s).If KM strategies are successfully initiated, organizations can successfully carry on from only KM to having a learning culture. Learning alone cannot necessarily lead to improving performance (Crossan et al., 1995). Good pract ices in management and knowledge management have a deep correlation (Leseure and Brookes-2004). Various studies show the significance of innovation in construction industries (Egbu, 2004 Latham, 1994 Slaughter, 1998 Gann, 2000 Dubois and Gadde, 2002 Vakola and Rezqui, 2000 Kumaraswamy et al.,2004 Ling, 2003 Dulaimi et al., 2005 Eaton et al., 2006 Egan, 1998 Winch, 1998). PPP/PFI has positive outcomes for innovation (Eaton et al.-2006). Eaton further explored stimulants and barriers against innovation in PPP/PFI projects. Impediments and stimulants related to human relationships are social and organizational variables. This will help in improving PPP/PFI that can in turn affect project performance in regard of project quality, costs, and time management.Concurrent EngineeringConcurrent engineering desing is a doctrine in management which has largely being used in the manufacturing industry while less of it has been employed in the construction engineering. The main aim of the philoso phy is to reduce timelines in the activities so that the overall project time in terms of cost can be reduced For completion of these activies Concurrent engineering projects parallel and synchronic functions that are overlapped so that the delay in sequential conduct of the activites can be reduced . It is pertininet to mention that the common areas between simultaneous activies between engineering production and construction industry has been highlighted by many researchers (de la Garza et al. 1994).In construction industry the the concurrent engineering has primarily defines as the integration of both design , planning and construction processes including the main aim of integration is to reduce construction time and cost and to ensure through various checks that the product is meting the expectations of the consumer . (Noble 1993).One of the main aims of the concurrent engineering methodlogy is to identify which all activites can overlap and which cannot . Furthermore the a mount twp activities can overlap in a process mormally depend upon the typr of activities . (Prasad 1996).Concurrent Engineering and integrated Project DevelopmentIntegrated project developemnt can be described as the evolution of the concurrent engineering into a full scale methodogical process .Since due to the complexity and the increasing processes involved in the contruction industry of today it is very important evolve the integrated approach for the completion of the task . We will now discuss the IPD in the backdrop of concurrent engineering .I need more information about concurrent engineeringIPDConstruction structures are becoming increasingly complex while this industry is becoming more specialized a new approach called Integrated Project Delivery or IPD has been introduced. This approach has been developed in the U.S. for the improvement of cost and the quality of projects as well as enabling better management of project schedules compared to traditional methods. The IP D method attempts to improve the outcomes of a project by collaboration in streamlining the incentives in addition to team goals (ADTF 2006).Though there are a number of organizations that support progression of IPD for instance AIACA Council and the AGC, and while some projects benefited from its use, yet projects using IPD are relatively few in number (Post 2007, Sive 2009). There are reasons for its slow adoption. Some reasons include fear of risk related to IPD (time, money, and innovation) other reasons include the close partnerships that IPD demands and legal frameworks required for incorporating IPD approaches. Furthermore, stakeholders of the construction industry hypothesise that new competencies, skills and KM will be needed for collaborating IPD into an organization (Auto-desk White Paper 2008). Still there is no noteworthy research that investigates the existing adoption status of IPD or reasons for its slow adoption within the industry (Sive 2009). Gathering IPD case-s tudies reflecting best practices would motivate professionals unfamiliar with IPD in getting assurance of IPD benefits and how its profits play a role in both successful and unsuccessful projects. Here, this paper provides an example of a project implementing IPD for project delivery. In this paper, we define IPD and discuss BIM-Building Information Modeling in context of IPD. To make further understanding of IPD clear, a case study is discussed to see how IPD may be applied in commercialised building projects. The conclusion section will give recommendations for education as well as future research projects both in the context of IPD.Though IPD may be the industry buzz word but there exist no standard definition that is acceptable to all. Differing definitions accompanied by greatly varying approaches of different sophistication levels suggest that IPD describes considerably diverse contract arrangements as well as team processes, (Sive-2009). There are prominent similarities amon g IPD projects and IPD definitions. IPD is defined by various principles like the following in the context of this paper(1) Multi-party harmony(2) Parties Early employmentIt is not necessary that IPD is constituted by these principles.Multi-Party AgreementOne contract exists for the whole project, which involves the general contractor, the project owner, and the architect, or may even involve other parties (if the contract is between more than just two parties) when IPD is used. The prime goal of IPD is maximizing collaboration and coordination throughout the entire project. The contracts are a driving force that allows goals to be attained productively without getting complicated by use of separate contracts since separate contracts can produce opposing motives among the stake-holders and team members. (Post 2007) please attach this ref in ref please shared Risk and RewardA majority of IPD contracts incorporate elements designed for encouraging teamwork while promoting project su ccess. IPD, in contrast to traditional projects, combines the risks rewards to reach project goals. (Scarnati, 2001) The goals may differ but are related to cost, project schedules and the quality metrics used in measuring success of a project. Associated risk examples include budget over-costs with different entitys overheads and profits, though on the other hand if a project is below budget a team may be compensated. Risk-reward sharing can be based on value, incentive pool, innovation outstanding performance, performance bonuses and profit sharing.Based on value-Project teams are given incentives bonuses that are given based on how much value is added by a member to a project.Incentive pool-It will reserve some share of the teams fees (that increases and decreases based on certain pre-agreed criteria) before it is divided and shared among team membersInnovation and outstanding performance-As the name already indicates, teams are rewarded for their hard work or creativityPerform ance bonuses-These bonuses are awarded on the basis of qualityProfit sharing-Based on group performances, profits are gained collectively for the whole team/group rather than individually.Early Involvement of All PartiesOne fundamental benefit of IPD is that it provides all parties the ability to be part of the project and be involved with the project from the start of the design phase. Collaborating from the start can easily address problems of fragmentation existing between the designing professionals and construction professionals which results in work mal-practices or cost changes during the late construction phase. (Scarnati, 2001) Although earlier collaboration does not need technological tools, but information technology like BIM-Building Information Modeling greatly increases efficiency of collaboration taking place during all project phases.There do, though exist constrains and complexities in implementing IPD. New contracts are using IPD but are not tried tested, and so, are not completely approved and understood. IPD is costly and insurance companies will not cover financial losses incurred as a result of IPD. Moreover the construction industry is accustomed to conventional leadership methods responsibility, and opportunity while change is not very evident. (Baiden et al., 2003)The inability to restructure procurement processes for enabling IPD is the area where a majority of agencies and formal institutions are deficient. On the other hand, IPD is correctly and successfully implemented itHelps in facilitating the sharing of rewards as well as risks amongst stakeholdersIt may help in creating incentives that are awarded for exceptional performanceIt can also minimize operations and maintenance co

The Effects of Agonists

The Effects of AgonistsIntroductionThe investigating involved experiments to determine the pharmacological properties of a hightail it of reference drugs, and one unknown drug. This information crapper be utilise to help our understanding of how drugs act upon different receptor sites, and how they interact with other drugs. The effectuate of agonists were investigated, along with how they atomic number 18 affected by antagonists. From investigating the reproducibility, mimicry and effectuate of antagonism on the reference drugs and the unknown drug, A3, it was concluded that the unknown drug was Carbachol.cholinergic DrugsCarbachol was one of three cholinergic drugs under investigation. The other two being acetylcholine and methacholine. Acetylcholine is the endogenous neurotransmitter at cholinergic synapses and neuroeffector junctions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Its actions argon mediated through nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors 1. These mus carinic receptors are blocked by atropine, an anticholinergic drug. Atropine prevents the effects of acetylcholine by blocking its binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors 1. This could be seen in the results from the investigation as atropine caused an increase in the ED50 value of acetylcholine.There are certain pharmacological properties that are required from a parasympathomimetic drug that make it adequate for therapeutic treatment. It should have a high affinity for cholinergic receptors, enabling a response to be brought about by the tissue. The drug should in like manner be rebarbative to cholinesterase thitherfore it will not be easily broken down inside the body. This prolongs the activity of the drug, meaning little doses of the drug have to be administered to or by the patient. This will therefore result in increased patient compliance as it is more convenient for them to have to take fewer doses.Clinical, therapeutic uses of acetylcholine are restricted due to its lack of selectivity for cholinergic receptors, and its rapid degradation by cholinesterases. This degradation, or break down of acetylcholine was observed in the results of the investigation, where it could be seen that acetylcholine had been digested by acetylcholinesterase present in horse blood, which acetylcholine had been incubated with. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine to choline and an acetate group. This breakdown of acetylcholine prevented a response in the guinea pig ileum.Although the therapeutic uses of acetylcholine are restricted, there are clinical applications in blocking acetylcholine through the use of antagonists, and mimicking acetylcholine, by using agonists that act upon the same receptors. Such agonists include methacholine, a synthetic choline ester, which is also a muscarinic receptor agonist. It differs from acetylcholine as it has an extra methyl group on the beta carbon of acetylcholine. This results in it being more selective at muscari nic receptors and less selective at nicotinic receptors. It is also less susceptible to acetylcholinesterase than acetylcholine so it has a greater duration of action in the body.Muscarinic agonists stimulate bronchial smooth muscle framinger in the lungs causing bronchoconstriction. Methacholine can therefore be administered for the diagnosis of bronchial hyperreactivity and asthmatic conditions, in what is known as a bronchial scrap test. This involves the breathing in of nebulised methacholine which will cause the patients airways to narrow. Those who are suffering from bronchial hyperreactivity or an asthmatic condition will react to lower doses of methacholine, allowing the diagnosis of the condition.Carbachol is also a choline ester derivative of Acetylcholine. It differs in that it substitutes a carbamoyl group for the terminal methyl group of acetylcholine. This substitution makes carbachol resistant to digestion by cholinesterases, as seen in the results from material body 3. After incubation with horse blood as a source of esterase, carbachol still produced a similar response in the guinea pig ileum, display that it had not been broken down by the esterase.Carbachol Structure Acetylcholine StructureClinical applications of carbachol include the treatment of glaucoma. Glaucoma is a condition affecting the eyes and it is caused by the build up of aqueous humour in the anterior chamber of the eye, due to the obstruction of outflow. Parasympathomimetics such as carbachol reduce pressure in the eye by contraction of the circular muscle of the iris, causing meiosis of the pupil and increasing outflow of the aqueous humour. Carbachol can be administered as eye drops to treat this condition.Carbachol can also be used to treat non obstructive urinary retention, as in postoperative urinary retention. Carbachol contracts the detrusor muscle of the bladder, decreases the bladder capacity, and increases uretal peristalsis.Indirect agonistsNeostigmine is a p arasympathomimetic, and was used in phase 3 of the investigation. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor and by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, neostigmine indirectly stimulates nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. It functions by blocking the active site of acetylcholinesterase, therefore preventing the digestion of acetylcholine. The results of the investigation set uped the action of neostigmine. When acetylcholine after incubation with blood esterase was added to the organ bath, there was very little or no response because the acetylcholinesterase present in the blood had broken down the acetylcholine. However when the acetylcholine was incubated with blood and neostigmine, a maximal response was produced, showing that neostigmine had prevented the breakdown of acetylcholine.Neostigmine can be used to treat patients with myasthenia gravis gravis this is a condition where the patient suffers from the fatigue of voluntary muscle groups particularly muscles on the character.T he edrophonium test can be used to identify myasthenia gravis. An endovenous dose of neostigmine will prevent the digestion of acetylcholine by acetyl cholinesterase and acetylcholine levels will temporarily rise. In myasthenia gravis there are too few acetylcholine receptors. So with the acetyl cholinesterase blocked, acetylcholine can bind to the few receptors and trigger a muscular contraction. If the condition affects the patients eyes, the weakness or fatigue of the muscles in the face will temporarily be relieved and the patient will be able to open their eyes normally.AutacoidsAutacoids have diverse physiological and pharmacological activities. They are grouped together in large part because they participate, at least in some settings, in physiological or pathophysiological responses to injury 1. Autacoids are local anaesthetic hormones that act near the site of synthesis they have a short acting duration.Histamine is an example of an autacoid, its actions on bronchial smoot h muscle and blood vessels notice for some of the symptoms of an allergic response. Histamine is generated in mast cells and white blood cells called basophils. Histamine is released from these cells in an immunological response, and can cause inflammation.Histamine has few clinical uses but can be used in diagnostic testing. There are more clinical applications for antihistamines, which are used to treat allergies. Chlorphenamine is an example of an antihistamine, and was one of the drugs used in the investigation. Results from the experiment show competitive antagonism when chlorphenamine is added to the organ bath with histamine, as the ED50 concentration increases.AntagonistsThe two antagonists used in the investigation were atropine and chlorphenamine. Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist, as shown by its effects on acetylcholine and carbachol, which were observed during the investigation. Atropine can be used therapeutically to inhibit the activity of the parasympathe tic nervous system.One example is its ophthalmic use. It can be used as a mydriatic to dilate the pupils this is sometimes done to allow examination of the retina. It is also used to reduce secretion in the speed and lower respiratory tract. This is done for the symptomatic relief of acute rhinitis 1.Chlorphenamine, also used in the investigation can be used as an antihistamine for allergies, as mentioned before.ConclusionIt has now been concluded that the unknown drug under investigation was Carbachol. A choline ester derivative of acetylcholine. Its pharmacological properties such as being resistant to acetylcholinesterases and other esterases, and being selective for muscarinic receptors, allow it to have clinical applications as a parasympathomimetic, unlike acetylcholine which has limited clinical applications.

Fascism: Abuse of Privilege and Power :: essays research papers fc

Fascism Abuse of Privilege and PowerI.intro - The ill-treatment and corruption of bureau.A. context-Abuse of berth1.within orderliness there is always elect officials throughout history, this is a constant within the human and animal world. 2.This index finger can be blackguardd. B.Focus-Some elected officials can abuse this powerIn the George Orwell book Animal Farm, corruption of leadershiphip is shown when the pig Napoleon turns his role as farm leader into dictator.C.A hunger for power and money leads to corruption and the abuse of power II.Body-Examples of power abuse within our societyA. nonfiction-The Jonestown massacre1.Corrupt leaders in society can brainwash their followersa)Mass suicide(1)The Jonestown massacre that took place in Guyana(2)it was evident that the people were brainwashed(3)The constant re-occurrence of elected officials2.What causes us to offer off our responsibilities to others?I)The lack of want for responsibilitys)Religious and political leadersc) Maybe they are more qualified?t)Is it just our fault for electing bad leaders?3.its nobodys fault that these leaders have become corrupt. i)Corruption is usually a product of greed.s)High-up officials take their power and abuse it because of their greed and disregard for others.c)This is shown in almost every case of this by t)These cases are shown and shape our historyB.Fictioni)A true example of fascism and power abuse is shown in the book Animal Farms) In Animal Farm Napoleon abuses his power as leader and corrupts his fellow pigsc) This leads to a dip in the farmt)This relates to modern day dictatorshipsC.Contemporary i)In Iraq, Saddam Hussein abused his power and ruined his country for his citizens.s) This required a squawk to action by the world to remove him and his regime.c) This led to the downfall of the Iraqi nation because of his fierce totalitarianismt)This is the proof that there is a problem of power abuse in the worldIII.ConclusionA.thither is a problem with some h ighly trusted, elected officials in our societyB.Summary of evidence1.nonfiction- There is people/leaders in this world with enough greed and self-absorption that will ruin things for everyone as long as it makes their own life better.a)RE- The fascist dictatorships caused by a thirst for power and money are what have caused many downfalls in civilization. b)RC- These cases are perfect examples of what the abuse of power and greed can do. 1.literary- The abuse shown in Animal Farma)RE- Snowball gains trust among the fellow farm animals and then turns on them with his lust for power.b)RC- This in turn ruins things for his fellow farm animals.

Student :: essays research papers

OF MICE AND MENA novel by John Steinbeck Two Youngs, George e Lennie were going to Soledad to work in a farm. The two mans were friends for a separate of time. Lennie wasnt sane, but he was a good guy and a strong worker George looked after him. They were fleeing from an other farm in Weed, where Lennie caused umpteenth pain in the neck because of the strange manias of Lennie who liked touching everything soft he touched the dress of a girl who thought he wanted to maltreat her.Lennie and George had a woolgather an own farm where they can do everything that they want to.In the new farm they knew the other worker and the con of the owner, Curley, a typical picker of quarrels he was neurotic for his stature and Lennie was high. Soon they knew his wife too who, unhappy for her marriage, wandered around the farm to speak with someone on the sly and for her habit she didnt nourish a good reputation.Candy, a worker of the farm, knew the projects of the two Youngs and he asked them if he had been able to join them because he had some money for the indemnity of an incident on work. George, Candy and Lennie made a pact and they foresaw that by a month they would have had their farm.Lennie liked touching the soft things and he spent a dower of time stroking some little dogs. A day, when he was in the stable where there were the dogs, while other people were playing in a different part of the farm, came into the room Curleys wife who didnt know Lennies character. Lennie told her about his pleasure in touching soft things and her let him to pet her hear. The man was seizing her by hear brutally. She was howling. He shook her accidentally, he broke her neck and she died.